Scientific Management for Planning and Organizing-myassignmenthelp

Question: Discuss about theScientific Management for Planning and Organizing. Answer: Introduction Management is the activity of managing the things or activities conducted in an organization. Management is the act of supervision and includes planning, organizing, staffing, direction control in a business in order to achieve goals (Morden, 2017). BOD (Board of Directors) have important role in the management. In this assignment we are going to discuss four approaches of management. First is scientific management. This method focuses on using scientific approach in each and every activity of organization that how work should be done, also match work according to the special skill of workers. Second is job enrichment, in this responsibility of employees is increased by assigning them some work of higher authority, which improves their position gives employee a greater satisfaction. In the third approach that is Japanese management concentrates on team work or collectivism. Finally in the fourth approach re-engineering, process of business is redesigned. Four Approaches to Management Scientific Management The idea of scientific management was given by Frederick Winslow Taylor. He was the first to bring in notice to work scientifically and defined the way work should be done. He suggested that managers should measure productivity scientifically and set high level of records for workers to achieve (Cohen, 2013). Managers should cooperate with workers. Scientific managers focused supervisors to walk around with stop watches and note pads carrying out time motion studies on workers in various department of the organization (Trujillo, 2014). It is the piece rate system in which workers are paid for the work done not for their time. It simplifies the job and increases efficiency productivity. Selection of the people who are right and efficient can be done by following this process and such people should be hired in future. It focuses on the lower level of management and the relationship among nature of work and workers (Jeacle Parker, 2013). Scientific Management leads to specialization, technical competence organizational efficiency. Principles of scientific management: Replace rule of thumb by scientific approach to get efficient management: Rule of thumb is basically guideline that is given on a particular subject or topic to accomplish a task. It develops by practice and experience by an employee whereas scientific management is knowing already what to do exactly and knowing this goals can be achieved easily. Assign work to the workers in which they have specialized skills: Scientific management focuses on the specialization. The persons who are specialized in a particular process brings more efficiency to the organization. Monitor task of workers, check the way they perform the activity and supervise them: Managers assign the task to employees check the way they perform initially and according to that they assign the work further and supervise them (Waring, 2016). Divide work between top level and low level of management so that managers can plan work to be done scientifically: Managers divide the task between top and low level management as managers are already known to scientific management which can bring specialization to lower level (Vance, et. al.,2014). Job Enrichment Job enrichment is the common motivational technique in which management motivates employees by giving them some extra work which was reserved for managers (Adeyemo, Sehoole Cueno, 2015). Job enrichment makes work more interesting and challenging. It reduces repetition of work. It provides opportunity for employees growth, achievement, advancement and recognition of employees. It gives satisfaction to employees and satisfied employees are more productive loyal towards organization (Saleem, 2012). Employees found themselves a level higher, also it reduces boredom. It is a medium through which employees learn new things and creates a better work for environment. Components of job enrichment: Social needs: Social needs can be appreciation, intimacy, acceptance, love, friendship, relationship, companionship and belonging. Social needs are essential for growth development. If a persons social needs are fulfilled then that person can save himself from depression, anxiety and loneliness (Dastranj Helali, 2016). A person feels encouraged when he or she is in good relationship with friends relatives. Problems of employees can be solved by interacting and supporting them, which helps them to contribute their efforts towards growth of organization. Achievement: Achievement is a motivator that an employee develops. Achievement can be something such as completing a project, reaching goal, achieving targets. It improves performance and increases productivity. Achievement leads to employee recognition. Once a person gets desired results then he is more focused on the work from which he achieves something. Achievement gives financial reward to employees in the form of bonus, incentive and gifts. Recognition: Recognition is the acknowledgement of an individuals efforts towards the growth of an organization. Employee recognition is important as it enhances employees loyalty, builds up morale, increases motivation let them know that their work is valued and they are important to organization. Some activities can be conducted for employees recognition such as leadership rewards, personal note to the employees, praise by top level management for the contribution of employees, gift them as a sign of appreciation, mention their achievements at notice board. Responsibility: When employees understand what other members of the organization expect of them, then it is much easy to understand their rights responsibilities towards organization. Responsibilities of an employee towards organization are to be punctual, loyal, treat customers as he is the owner of business, ensure safety and security of clients, and follow instructions of employer carefully. Employers responsibility is reporting to employees, ensure employees health and safety at work place, welfare of employees, guidelines, training and supervision and provide them instructions. Japanese Management The Japanese management approach was derived in japan in 1988. To see the success of companies in japan, many other countries also have opted this concept. This method is based on living style working conditions of japan. This concept stresses on improvement in quality and reduction of waste. The Japanese companies provide the best working conditions with best salary packages (Danford, 2013). But the job in these Japanese companies is a dream which is limited to the men and women who are graduated from top thirty colleges universities in japan. The students who dont get admission in these colleges and universities have no chance to work in these companies. So they have to work in small and medium size enterprises. The key features of Japanese management are: Practice of permanent employment: Employees are hired on the basis of their intelligence and educational background not on the basis on their specialization skills (Wakabayashi Yamada, 2017). These employees are hired directly from colleges and trained for six months to one year. After a few years of practicing in an organization, employees know each and every aspect of the company. If the employees survive for initial six months then they are expected to survive for their whole life in that organization only. This is productive to an organization. System of promotion and reward: Seniors have the better condition in the organization compared to the younger ones. Youngers accept this fact because they know that their condition will also be better in the future once they are experienced (Fried, et. al., 2014). So, seniority is given more importance in the organization and they will have more rewards and better promotions. Rewards are given in the form of tangible and intangible benefits such as low cost of loans, vacations and more. Decision making process: Employees have fully involvement in decision making process. Top level management has important role in the decision making process. Seniors understand each and every facet of organization, so they can take decisions appropriately. Youngers are kept away in decision making process. High salary packages: Companies who are following Japanese management are in better working conditions. Japanese management companies provide excellent salaries and permanent employment. These companies provide all the elite facilities, which increase their contribution towards the company. It is the dream of everyone to work in such company. Once the employees are satisfied towards company it will impart to companys progress. Employment welfare: Employment welfare is the main element of Japanese management. It is done by providing health care facilities, low rent homes, vacations, low cost of loans, medical facilities, holidays and more (Haghirian, 2016). Increment in salary and promotions are given every year based on their work. Welfares main purpose is to bring change and remove stress in the organization. Training: Training is given on time to ensure an employee meets the requirement of job easily. Management trainees who are recruited directly from colleges universities have to complete a six month probation period and are trained in the company way. Research Development activities are also conducted for the improvement of organization. Re-engineering Re-engineering approach also known as Business Process Re-engineering (BPR) is re-design of business processes to achieve improvements in productivity and quality. The concept of BPR was first introduced in 1990.BPR is the activity to rethink and redesign the processes that how work should be done which helps to reduce costs and achieve organizational goals (Abu Naser Al Shobaki, 2016). By concentrating on the ground up design of the business process BPR can restructure the organization for concentrating on the design we are supposed to follow some principles of re-engineering: Build-up leadership: Leadership is the most important principle of Business process re-engineering. A leader always lead and is followed by his followers. Qualities of a leader are honesty, confidence, creativity, positive attitude, responsible, sense of humor, ability to inspire and managing failure. Process orientation: Identify all the processes of organization and prioritize them according to urgency. Organize around outcomes, users of output must perform the task. Those who perform the process must use the output. Define customer needs: BPR is used mainly to increase customers. This is the reason a business keep on redefining the process to meet customer requirements. Capture information: Information and knowledge are the sources that are aimed to achieve competitive advantage. Capture information once and at the source (Matthews, et. al., 2015). Goal-oriented: A business should focus on the goals not on the task. If a business is not able to achieve the goals then the process is redesigned to achieve the goals. Stress on value added activities: This principle states that value added activities should be identified and focus should be on these activities as it adds something to organization. Non value added activities should be eliminated as it is time wastage plus resource wastage to an organization. Techniques such as ABC Analysis realizes the value focus principle. After knowing the principles of BPR, it is easy to attempt the process. Business process re-engineering is also called business process redesign, business process transformation. Steps involved in re-engineering process are: Refocus on customer needs. Put together a team of experts. Recognize all processes in an organization and redesign them if needed. Use information technology to improve performance and cut cost (Doumeingts Browne, 2016). Recognize issues related with organization. Improve business process of whole organization. An organization opts for re-engineering when it needs to be fast. After knowing the process of re-engineering, we need to concentrate mainly on these two points: Focus on leadership: An organization functions more effectively when the leaders are appointed. Characteristics of leadership include hardworking, competence, patience, involvement goal oriented. Leaders motivate employees to redesign the organization by using information technology. Leaders bring realization to employees that their efforts can contribute to organizational goals and can manage performance. Persons who are leading involve in the process of redesigning the process conducted in an organization. Successful and unsuccessful BPR depends on the competitive advantage of leadership. Successful BPR leaders use leadership style that fits into the type of task to be performed. This is the reason leadership is the reason for the high rate of success and failure of BPR projects. Focus on customer: BPR activities ultimately lead to increasing the number of customers and users. Customer satisfaction is the ultimately aim of BPR. Process is redesigned to response customer needs. The process of re-engineering is to make organizations more effective, flexible and efficient for their customers. Value added systems are also recognized to satisfy and prioritize them. Value added systems are used to generate valuable output of value to the customer. It directly increases the profitability and efficiency of the organization. Conclusion From this report, it has been concluded that organizations have become more efficient and productive after applying scientific techniques because scientific management leads to specialization. Employees become more responsible and loyal to the organization after applying job enrichment because repetition of work is reduced and position of employees is improved. After adopting Japanese management, companies started providing better work conditions with good salary packages and employee welfare is also given more importance. So, as a result employees started giving more contribution to the organization. Companies whose performance is not good have started re-designing the process of organization and as a result company gained competitive advantage. Information technology is also applied in the process. This shows that scientific management principles are important to the organization. References Abu Naser, S.S. and Al Shobaki, M.J., 2016. Enhancing the use of decision support systems for re-engineering of operations and business-applied study on the Palestinian universities. Adeyemo, K.S., Sehoole, C. and Cueno, C.G., 2015. The use of the job enrichment technique for decision-making in higher education: The case of the Philippines.SA Journal of Human Resource Management,13(1), pp.9-pages. Cohen, Y., 2013. Scientific management and the production process.Science in the twentieth century (Amsterdam, 1997), pp.111-24. Danford, A., 2013.Japanese management techniques and British workers. Routledge. Dastranj, F. and Helali, F., 2016. Implementing" Job Enrichment" with using Ergonomic Checkpoints in an'Appreciative Way'at a Manufacturing Company in an Industrially Developing Country and its Meta-reflection.Journal of Ergonomics,6(4). Doumeingts, G. and Browne, J. eds., 2016.Modelling techniques for business process re-engineering and benchmarking. Springer. Fried, Y., Laurence, G.I., Shirom, A., Melamed, S., Toker, S., Berliner, S. and Shapira, I., 2014. The Relationship Between Job Enrichment And Abdominal Obesity: A Longitudinal Field Study Of Apparently Healthy Individuals.Cardiology,128, p.70. Haghirian, P. ed., 2016.Routledge Handbook of Japanese Business and Management. Routledge. Jeacle, I. and Parker, L., 2013. The problemof the office: Scientific management, governmentality and the strategy of efficiency.Business History,55(7), pp.1074-1099. Matthews, J., Love, P.E., Heinemann, S., Chandler, R., Rumsey, C. and Olatunj, O., 2015. Real time progress management: Re-engineering processes for cloud-based BIM in construction.Automation in Construction,58, pp.38-47. Morden, T., 2017.Principles of management. Routledge. Saleem, S, 2012, The Impact of Job Enrichment and Job Enlargement on Employee Satisfaction Keeping Employee Performance as Intervening Variable , Kuwait Chapter of Arabian Journal of Business and Management Review.- 2012, Vol. 1, No.9, Pages 145-165. Vance, E.D., Loehle, C., Wigley, T.B. and Weatherford, P., 2014. Scientific basis for sustainable management of Eucalyptus and Populus as short-rotation woody crops in the US.Forests,5(5), pp.901-918. Trujillo, T., 2014. The modern cult of efficiency: Intermediary organizations and the new scientific management.Educational Policy,28(2), pp.207-232. Wakabayashi, N. and Yamada, J.I., 2017. 8 Networks and management in the Japanese creative.Japanese Management in Evolution: New Directions, Breaks, and Emerging Practices, p.157. Waring, S.P., 2016.Taylorism transformed: Scientific management theory since 1945. UNC Press Books.

Quality Management IIntensity on HRM †Free Samples to Students

Question: Discuss about the Quality Management Intensity on HRM. Answer: Introduction: Total quality management tool is considered as the total productive maintenance which demonstrates the approach of management to long term success by customer satisfaction. In the effort of total quality management, all members of the organization involve in the process of improving of the products, culture and services (Youssef, Youssef Ahmed, 2014). Dominos Pizza Enterprise has the largest chain of Pizza in Australia in terms of networks sales and network store number as well. It has been analyzed that it is the largest franchisee in the world for the brand of dominos pizza. Quality function deployment and problem solving process are the two total quality management tools which are selected in the dominos pizza. These two tools have been chosen because quality function deployment is the easiest way for a group to build a multiple ideas about the known problem. It would facilities to bring the possible solutions. Problem solving process is a useful decision making technique. It is the time management technique tool which helps dominos pizza enterprise to solve a problem by analyzing ten various factor in the favor or against a change. Quality function deployment will be effective tool for Dominos because it has the process capability. The success of Quality function deployment will be dependent on the team effectiveness (Talib, Rahman Qureshi, 2013). Work of two quality management tools Quality function deployment is approach to define the needs and requirements of customers in to specific plans. It helps to produce products to meet their needs appropriately. It is considered as the key of improvement quality by total quality management is connecting the designs of products and services in the procedure so that quality in products could improve. QFD refers to translate the requirements of customers in to efficient requirements of technical for each step of product or services deployment and manufacture. Problem solving and decision making is interrelated. In the TQM tool of problem solving involves identification of problems to implement the solutions (Kumar, Kumar, Sharma Sharma, 2017). For instance, in the earlier procedure we might need to decide when research should stop in to the problem and seek out to recognize the potential solutions. In that case dominos need to decide and take final decision along with deciding how to provide this solution to the customers who found it and can implement it. It is the tool which helps to determine business to take the decision in the favor of growth of the business. Decision making considerations is involved value and amount of information, utilization of management information system and creativity and decision making (Dale, 2015). Address the challenge The challenge in dominos enterprise is operations, decrease in sales mature, low staff retention and lesser number of eateries. It has so many franchised outlets which give outcomes to handle operation inefficient way. Population of Australia is health conscious and due to this revenue is getting decreased which have impact on business. The major challenge of dominos is lack of training and development program which is the reason of high attrition. It has been analyzed that dominos has number of delivery outlets in comparison of eating joints which is a issue in places such as malls and open market where mostly customers wants a place of sitting (Kassela, Kassela, Papalexi, Papalexi, Bamford Bamford, 2017). A quality function deployment is a formal method which involves considerable discipline for execution. It is ongoing commitment of resources that make ensure business about the release of potential benefits. To reduce the issues of Dominos pizza Australia, quality function deployment is a set of tools which will support the quality management of dominos. The approach of quality function deployment includes a strong focus on the needs of customer and desires. The focus of this approach is so string in comparison of any product or service design (Jimnez-Jimnez, Martinez-Costa, Martnez-Lorente, Rabeh, 2015). Implement the use of the selected tools within the Dominos The use of quality function deployment can be implemented by Dominos to resolve the issue of operations in dominos, QFD should implement following terms in systematic term. Describe top management commitment to QFD. To help supervision of worker collaboration in the efforts of QFD. To implement and support the QFD actions, build effective use of information and data of the business. Maintain effective relationship with customers. Make enable employee of dominos to develop and use of their capacity to satisfy the customers. To focus on increasing the tea building of QFD and flexibility approach that build synthesizing innovative ideas. Problem solving process is another aspect of total quality management functions; it is the process which is followed by every individual on daily basis. The movement of quality management is being involved in the progress of a range of process with include to solve the issues and decision making being efficient, ethical and justifiable (Skordoulis, Sparangis, Stampolis, Mougkolia, Papageorgiou Chondreli, 2015). It is the process which will help dominos to demonstrate what result must be achieved for an issue to be resolved. It has been evaluated that there are numerous ways to describe the issues. Recognize the two types of issues that are existent and latent. It stated by Asif, Awan, Khan, Ahmad, (2013), a problem can be solved in easy manner only when its contingency has become impossible or less probable. There are some several steps which should be implemented by dominos to take decision for solving the issues regarding operations and decreasing sales in mature of dominos. Thes e steps are mentioned below: Recognize the initial issues or problems. Illuminate the problem. Dictate the actual cause of root of problem. Develop and implement a preventive. Evaluate the effectiveness of preventive in solving the problems. Change the view. By using these steps, Dominos can implement the use of quality function deployment and process of problem solving in its business in appropriate way. References Asif, M., Awan, M. U., Khan, M. K., Ahmad, N. (2013). A model for total quality management in higher education.Quality Quantity, 1-22. Dale, B. (2015).Total quality management. John Wiley Sons, Ltd. Jimnez-Jimnez, D., Martinez-Costa, M., Martnez-Lorente, A. R., Rabeh, H. A. D. (2015). Total quality management performance in multinational companies: A learning perspective.The TQM Journal,27(3), 328-340. Kassela, K., Kassela, K., Papalexi, M., Papalexi, M., Bamford, D., Bamford, D. (2017). Applying quality function deployment to social housing?.The TQM Journal,29(3), 422-437. Kumar, V., Kumar, V., Sharma, R. R. K., Sharma, R. R. K. (2017). Relating management problem-solving styles of leaders to TQM focus: an empirical study.The TQM Journal,29(2), 218-239. Skordoulis, M., Sparangis, P., Stampolis, O., Mougkolia, I., Papageorgiou, A., Chondreli, C. (2015). A Framework for Quality in Education: Applying Quality Function Deployment to a Higher Education Institute. InProceedings of eRA-10 International Scientific Conference(pp. 1-10). Talib, F., Rahman, Z., Qureshi, M. N. (2013). An empirical investigation of relationship between total quality management practices and quality performance in Indian service companies.International journal of quality reliability management,30(3), 280-318. Youssef, E. M., Youssef, M. A., Ahmed, A. M. M. (2014). Total quality management intensity and its impact on HRM practices in manufacturing firms.International Journal of Productivity and Quality Management,13(4), 495-512.

Walking in another Persons Shoes How It Feels to Be Blind

Table of Contents Introduction How It Feels to Be Blind Conclusion Reference List Introduction Knowing what other people go through in life is easy, because it is matter of listening, reading, watch and sometime witnessing their experiences. Although experiencing other people’s feelings is almost impossible, one can learn and understand what others are going through by trying to ‘walk in their shoes.’ There are so many activities that can bring out this feeling in one, regardless of whether you have certain special abilities or not.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Walking in another Person’s Shoes: How It Feels to Be Blind specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More For instance, trying to understand how it feels to be older becomes a reality gradually one grows older, or to understand how it feels like to be a father, mother, husband, or a wife can only become real when one bears the responsi bilities associated with each. The same case applies to experiencing what individuals who are disabled, for example blind feel. Although states like being blind, homeless, insane, or poor may never happen to many individuals, it is good to understand how individuals in this state feel, in order to be able to associate and treat them with respect. This essay will discuss ways in which one can learn and understand how it feels to be blind. How It Feels to Be Blind The main purpose of walking in someone else’s shoes is building empathy. It should be noted that building empathy depends on the different situations and experiences of the persons who you want to share their experiences. When an individual is blind, such an individual naturally feel a sense of detachment, curiosity, frustration and skepticism, because of the discomforts and challenges, which are associated with their situation. Hence, to be able to experience what these individuals to, it is important to have a sense of involvement and empathy. For example to experience the psychological state of being blind, individuals should try to close their eyes and assume they are blind. After assuming this, they should try to do thing as if they are blind, as this is one of the ways of experiencing the kind of difficulties that blind individuals go through as they try to execute their daily duties. Through this, many can realize that, they have no clues of so many things, more so the intangible ones that need the sense of sight. For instance, explaining to a blind person about different colors and how the sun looks like is very hard. As research studies show, most blind people have visionary experiences when they are awake and asleep, but they do not leave any reference point of perceiving them – there cannot say it looks like something. Hence, for them, they do not know whether things they hear of exist in reality.Advertising Looking for essay on psychology? Let's see if we can help you! Ge t your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Such is the case because they use the power of imagination through what they feel, smell, hear and taste. Hence, by closing eyes and trying to perform some things, individuals will experience the same and learn to appreciate and help any blind person (Foley p 1). In addition to this, individuals can involve themselves in games that involve blindfolding each other and trying to locate objects or identify other people using their voices. Through failing to execute these duties, individuals will lean the kind of difficulties, which blind people go through, more so when it comes to using their simple Godly given perceptions to make sense of their world. On the other hand, individuals should interact with these blind individuals in order to understand how to manage their lives. This is important, because firsthand experience will make one to hear the reality of things from the â€Å"horse’s mouth†; hence, enhance the devel opment of healthy relationships. Conclusion In conclusion, to â€Å"walk in somebody’s shoes†, individuals must endeavor to involve themselves in activities, which will give them an opportunity of feeling or experiencing what individuals with such disabilities feel. For example, although one cannot fully experience the hardships that are associated with blindness, closing eyes and trying to do their normal duties, one can somewhat feel what it feels like to be blind. Reference List Foley, Kate. The Blind Child and Its Development. Future Reflections, 28.2 (2009). Web. https://www.nfb.org/sites/www.nfb.org/files/images/nfb/publications/fr/fr28/fr2/fr280206.htm This essay on Walking in another Person’s Shoes: How It Feels to Be Blind was written and submitted by user Plazm to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

Arguments For High School Students

Arguments For High School StudentsWriting arguments and essays for high school students can be a great exercise. With a little guidance and good reading material, students will learn to create strong arguments that have legs. And with good writing skills, it's easy to turn an argument into a great piece of writing.Since so many high school students are involved in debating or writing about controversial issues, teachers are having a hard time choosing good argumentative essay topics for students. But you don't have to sit down and try to come up with some of the best ones yourself. There are several places where you can find some ideas. There are also plenty of resources available on the Internet.First, if you're interested in some great arguments that can be used in the classroom, try reading some of the law review articles. Law review articles are written by experts who help students apply and refine their ideas, and they also review some of the top issues in the legal community. T hey also help students develop their writing and presentation skills.Second, check out the Journal of Contemporary Issues in Education. This is a nonprofit magazine that focuses on debate and high school essay topics. It also publishes a quarterly newsletter with a lot of great advice for writers and essay topics. The Journal of Contemporary Issues in Education also contains a large number of printed copies for sale.Finally, you might want to check out some of the online sources. Online sources can be accessed free of charge, and there are many questions and answers sections on the internet that you can use to help you choose some good argumentative essay topics for high school students. Also, these sources can be searched for tips and information that will help you come up with better arguments.The most important thing to remember is that you can't just choose some sites to read, without thinking about what your high school students will use those topics for. But once you have a go od list of argumentative essay topics for high school students to work with, you can go back and look at the different sources you found. This will help you narrow down your list and make sure it fits the students' personalities and needs.Good high school students are often very active and love debates and discussions. Make it easy for them to do that by providing them with some great debate topic essays.

Catcher in the Rye- Personal Impact essays

Catcher in the Rye- Personal Impact essays This summer, my AP English reading assignment came, and one of the three books assigned was The Catcher in the Rye by J.D. Salinger, published in 1951. The letter read a book about a prep-school boy tells of the days preceding his admittance to a mental institution, not what I was expecting to read that summer. Since I had never heard of the book, I saved it for last. When I began to read the book, by the first page I could already tell it was not at all like any other book I had read before, especially as a school assignment. I didnt put that book down until I had finished it a few hours later, in the middle of the night. Then I read it again, and again- a total of six times before going to school the first day. The book wasnt a book that in reading I just read and forgot about. I was actually pulled into Holdens mind, thinking like Holden, for a short time, becoming Holden. And in doing so, I learned a new perspective. When in places my own thoughts went along with Holdens, the book helped me realize how well my way of handling some of those thoughts actually was working out, for I wasnt in a mental ward, failing out of school, or walking mindlessly throughout NYC. Also, the differences between our thoughts gave me more realization in seeing how others may be feeling around me, and I could never really tell, because no one could ever realize what pain and trouble were inside Holdens mind. Holden helped me realize that not everyone does what I do, and that not everyone is truly capable of doing what Im doing. In that, I realized that I need my own way to vent, otherwise I may end up just as Holden did. ...

Hearing Sounds Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Hearing Sounds - Assignment Example The outer ear is composed of three parts which are the pinna (or auricle), the external auditory canal (or external auditory meatus), and the tympanic membrane (or eardrum) (Net Industries and its Licensors ,par.2). The pinna is the organ on the side of our heads that we commonly call "the ear". The external auditory canal is a passageway in the temporal lobe of the skull that begins at the ear and extends inward and slightly upwards. The outer one-third portion of the canal is lined with a membrane containing ceruminous (ear wax producing) cells, and hair cells which protects the eardrum by trapping dirt and other foreign bodies. The purpose of the cerumen and hairs is to protect the eardrum by trapping dirt and to keep the canal moist. The tympanic membrane or eardrum is a thin, concave membrane stretched across the inner end of the external auditory canal and serves as a transmitter of sound by vibrating in response to sounds traveling down the external auditory canal, and beginni ng sound conduction in the middle ear. The middle ear starts from the inner surface of the eardrum. It is connected to a chain of three small bones called the ossicles, known as the malleus (hammer), incus (anvil) and stapes (stirrup). These bones conduct sound waves from the tympanic membrane to the inner ear.

Stanley Fish's Critique of John Locke's Concept of Toleration Essay

Stanley Fish's Critique of John Locke's Concept of Toleration - Essay Example Locke argues that there is no religious support for use of coercion, and thus it should not be used to bring persons to salvation. He also often cites his concerns on the level of hypocrisy, he points out that those persons who are so quick to persecute are themselves ignorant of the most grievous sins that happen around them. These transgressions represent a much greater threat eternally than do the sins that they seek to persecute. In the letter, Locke cites many more but similar religious arguments; he further proceeds to provide three reasons which he believes should provide enough grounds for preventing the state to coerce people into adopting specified religious beliefs. First, he identifies that the concern for human soul has not been bequeathed to the magistrate by either God or humans. This argument borders on the view presented in the Two Treatises to confound the natural freedom and sameness of humans. There is no authority within the Bible that requires the magistrate to commit people to the actual faith and that persons should not agree to such an idea for the state as it is impossible for human, at will, to accept as true what the magistrate identifies as true .Their faith is founded on that they consider as true and not really what they wish. Locke’s second argument holds that as the government’s power is yielded in its force, and religion is primarily about free choice founded on inward persuasion of the mind, then it follows that force cannot be used to compel people to follow religion. The third and last argument identifies that even though human’s state of mind could be altered through force, a state where all joined the magistrate’s religion would not bring additional people to the true religion. This is due to the fact that most magistrates ascribe to false religions. Locke’s view on religion and the state has been respected for a favorable period of time, it is not also uncommon to see modern person relat ing with the very elements of his thoughts. This should not be taken to mean that his argument as detailed in the Letter Concerning Toleration is flawed but it means that just like in every philosophical work owner’s prejudices find their way into the argument (Fish, 1997:2255). This is often exposed by a through look at the point’s advanced and constructive criticism of the same allowing a subsequent reader to identify the areas of weakness. Such is the case with Locke’s arguments, a number of modern thinkers have criticized his argument bringing out weaknesses that seem to weaken the argument. In the following part, this study focuses on such criticism as advanced by Stanley Fish. Fish’s criticism titled Mission impossible: Settling the just bounds between the church and the state seeks to reconcile the two, religion and state a task which appears impossible under John Locke’s restoration argument. Fish’s argument starts with Locke’ s assertion at the beginning of his letter that every church is orthodox to itself and that in a situation where there emerge conflicts between these orthodoxies there would be no one on earth able of moderating between them. In such situations Locke insists on the need for tolerance, however, the problem is that if this is allowed to regulate behavior then the role of government as a regulator of wrongful conduct would be curtailed by those who cite that their wrongful conduct is informed by their